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OIL – HOW CLEAN DOES IT HAVE TO BE?
by: Mike Sondalini in collaboration with Don Irvine of Donamar Filters. Data supplied by Donamar Filters

Editors note:  Mike Sondalini edits the popular subscription based newsletter called Process & Plant Equipment UPTIME. More information about the newsletter can be found at FeedForward.com.au

Clean, dry oil can extend equipment life between failure up to 8 - 10 times the normal operating life. Timken, the bearing manufacturer, reports that reducing water levels from 100 ppm (parts per million) to 25 ppm increases bearing life 2 times. British hydraulics research indicate that if solids contamination with particles larger than 5 micron (0.005 mm or 0.0002”) is reduced from the range of 5,000 – 10,000 particles per milliliter of oil to 160 – 320 particles, the machine life is increased 5 times.

It is clear that there is great benefit to be gained in having clean oil and that it may be well worth spending a lot of money to achieve it. This would be the case where expensive equipment was used and the cost of maintenance was high or where the equipment was costly but not highly profitable to operate. Increasing the equipment life and the period between maintenance up to ten times normal would be highly profitable in both cases. On the other hand if the cost of replacement equipment is cheap it is unlikely to be justifiable to spend money on oil filtration.

GRADING OIL CLEANLINESS

Solid particle counts in oil can be done with optical equipment (microscope, light extinction), with an electron-scanning microscope (ESM) or by sifting through screens. Each procedure produces slightly different particle counts due to their varying sensitivity in detecting particles of different sizes. The ESM detects many more of the smaller particles than the optical methods.

Counting standard ISO 4406 -1999 is used internationally to rate solids contamination of oils. This standard classifies the cleanliness of oil and provides a basis to define acceptable solids contamination. It also means oil filters can be tested to prove their performance meets acceptable standards. Table No. 1 is part of the ISO 4406 method of coding the level of solid particles in an oil sample. The solid particle content of oil gets a classification that represents the number of particles of a particular size range.

ISO Scale Number Particles per milliliter
More Than Less Than
22 20000 40000
21 10000 20000
20 5000 10000
19 2500 5000
18 1300 2500
17 640 1300
16 320 640
15 160 320
14 80 160
13 40 80
12 20 40
11 10 20
10 5 10
9 2.5 5
8 1.25 2.5
Table No. 1 Allocation of Particle Count Scale Numbers
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